This publication is a major revision of usgs bulletin 1532, which is titled map. Name date comparing map projections to the globe analyze the maps on the map projections handout and a globe to complete the charts below. Map projections have been developed in parallel with the development of map production and cartography in general. Aug 17, 2018 cartography is the study and practice of creating maps to communicate spatial, topographic, and geographic information effectively. A directional indicator on a map helps determine the orientation of the map. This is a scan of a photocopied document and it may be less than useful. The rest of the graphics were developed from software written by paul bryan anderson. Projections by presentation of a metric property would include equidistant, conformal, gnomonic, equal area, and compromise projections.
Schr o dinger basin in clementine basemap in sinusoidal equalarea projection nasa s pds imaging node, captured in 20. Have students also compare the size that area is proportional and the shapes of land and water on the maps with what they see on the globe. In tm35fin the point where the equator and the central. Topography concerns the shape and character of the earths surface and maps were amongst the first artifacts to record these observations. A scale on this type of map would be drawn in thousands of miles and kilometers. A sound knowledge of map projections and grids requires an understanding of the mathematical nature of projections and the size and shape of the earth, since in our context. The computer has also been used to evaluate and compare distortion on various map projections tobler, 1964. Cartography is an ancient discipline that dates from the prehistoric depiction of hunting and fishing territories.
Models of map projections there are two models for creating different map projections. Here in this article we will understand basics of cartography. In modern mapping, a topographic map or topographic chart is a type of map characterized by largescale detail and quantitative representation of relief, usually using contour lines connecting points of equal elevation, but historically using a variety of. Another way of classifying map projections is to consider the earth as a transparent sphere. It may involve the superimposition of political, cultural, or other nongeographical divisions onto the representation of a geographical area. Due to its unique map shape, goodes homolosine projection has the least shapesize discrepancy of all the maps listed above. Ornate world maps were characteristic during the age of exploration in the 15th through 17th centuries. A coordinate system, datum, and map projection are. Marcus scherer of germany original german text, from the library of congress.
A compendium of map projections, with derivations is a comprehensive reference that offers an explanation of the. Geological survey have designed projections for their specific needs such as the space oblique. Brief history of cartography maps have a long history earliest maps date back to 6000 bc, prehistoric wall paintings maps created by the egyptians, assyrians and babylonians fragments of clay tablets the nile, and maps of heaven charts became of vital importance during the time of the greek empire, 600 bc. Maps are a vehicle that may transfer your ideas about a place into the mind of a map reader. Overview of map projections mapping and applications characteristics of map projections. Working with maps and data in geography flashcards quizlet. This book is an important volume in the series on the stateofart research in cartography and gi science. Similarly gis enables anyone equipped with data and a few simple tools to produce a map that previously would have required the expertise of a. World map in the ali macar reis atlas click for higher resolution image world map in the walters sea atlas click for higher resolution image the first part has just been published of a special issue of the journal of ottoman studies n. In reality once you decided which projection you are going to work with, to have all your data with the same projection or to transform data that is in another.
Conic map projections are best suited for use as regional or hemispheric maps, but rarely for a complete world map. About national geographic maps national geographic maps was established as a division of the national geographic society in 1915 and has been producing maps for national geographic magazine and other society media for nearly. Map projections can be created mechanically or mathematically. Although the earth is best represented by a spheroid, the earth is sometimes treated as a sphere. Cartography, the art and science of graphically representing a geographical area, usually on a flat surface such as a map or chart. It should be noted that the previous edition, 3, had these same purposes. The influence of map projections on peoples globalscale. Making a flat map of a round planet is a challenge all mapmakers have to deal with. An album of map projections should enable read ers to sharpen and in some cases to correct their knowledge of the distances, directions, and relative areas of the world. This dos based program is capable of producing both raster and vector base maps in a large variety of different map projections. E projection zone equator ellipsoid cylinder central meridian projection zone central meridian equator 0,0 m make coordinates positive. Summary 2 we can project onto a plane, a cylinder or a cone.
In north america, students may major in cartography but also approach the subject from geography and surveying. Projection change at the national geographic society. A compendium of map projections, with derivations explains the mathematical development for a large range of projections within a framework of the different cartographic methodologies. Map scale is concerned with reducing geographical features of interest to manageable proportions, coordinate systems help us define the positions of features on the surface of the earth, and map projections are concerned with moving from the threedimensional world to the two dimensions of a flat map or display, all of which are discussed in. A crash course to coordinate systems, map projections and. Map projections are ways of transferring information from a 3d sphere the globe to a 2d plane a piece of paper or a computer screen. Since the mass of the earth is not uniform at all points, and the direction of gravity changes, the shape of the geoid is irregular. Cartographic perspectives, map projection education in cartography textbooks preprint pdf available in cartographic perspectives 201890 august 2018 with 275 reads how we measure reads. Understanding map projections is important to anyone working with gis because a three dimensional object cannot be represented perfectly in two dimensions. Although there has been no dearth of valuable books describing a wide range of map projec tions, an album of map projections is the. Since the mass of the earth is not uniform at all points, and the direction of gravity changes, the.
Oct 25, 2006 the book concludes by looking at factors influencing mean sea level and notes the cartographic aspects of current developments. Modeling selection criteria for existing map projections properties as it is known each map projection is only suitable for a specific condition that such as an application, scale and geographic location. Investigating map projections students use oranges to investigate the effects of changing a 3d surface to a 2d surface. For decades, the political significance of maps has been discussed, including the. Goodrich, the admired pioneer of the study of ottoman empire maps in the u.
Some truedirection projections are also conformal, or equalarea, or equidistant. A cornucopia of map projections, a visualization of distortion on a vast array of map projections in a single image. Map projections map projections are mathematical formulas used to transfer shapes from an oval surface the earth surface more accurately, a model of it onto a flat surface. Simply, we can say it is related to mapmaking methods. Robinson map projection with as overlay the tissot indicatrix. Cause and effect in the evolution of useful things. In 1921 oswald winkel wrote an article describing the tripel and his other projections entitled neue gradnetzkombinationen. The peters projection rocked the world of cartography by directly challenging the assumptions of the mercator projection its perception of the world aligned reality more closely with what can be shown on a flat map. Finnish map projections etrstm35fin utm based, the whole finland in one, widened zone, central meridian is 27. Some truedirection projections are also conformal, equal area, or equidistant. These map projections are endowed with parameters for general utility, of which utm and ups are particular instances.
A map displaying the entire surface of the earth with all the continents and oceans would be drawn at a larger scale. The importance of map projections by sarah lyle on prezi. A gcs is often incorrectly called a datum, but a datum is only one part of a gcs. Directional indicator another common map element is a directional indicator. The classical approach to map projections is to obtain an explicit pair of equations relating places on the earth to locations on a map. Cartography guide by axis maps is licensed under a creative commons attributionnoncommercialsharealike 4. Overview of map projections mapping and applications characteristics of map projections transformations and graticules geodetic spheres and ellipsoids nad27, nad83 and other systems examples of maps and charts 7.
Rules for mapping types of maps political maps maps that have boundaries on them i. Geographic books routinely introduce map projections without providing mathematical explanations of projections and few delve into complex mathematical development or cover the breadth of projections. Armed forces military maps show the earth drawn to scale as you would see it from above the military uses the universal transverse mercator utm and the universal polar stereographic ups grid system. Development of sciences, technical achievements and needs of everyday life have gradually increased demands for production of various topographic and thematic maps in various scales and for various purposes, which required continuous improvement of map. A gcs includes an angular unit of measure, a prime meridian, and a datum based on a. A map of the white house, however, may have a scale with distance determined in. This is in contrast to older cadastral surveys, which primarily show property and governmental boundaries. Flex projector lets the author of a projection visually design the graticule and provides specialized tools for distortion analysis, resulting in a new graphical approach to the design of world map projections.
The distortion in a conic map makes it inappropriate for use as a visual of the entire earth but does make it great for use visualizing temperate regions, weather maps, climate projections, and more. Graphical design of world map projections bernhard jennya, tom pattersonb and lorenz hurnia ainstitute of cartography, eth zurich, zurich, switzerland. From basic projecting to advanced transformations, cartographic science. Some cartographers place an arrow that points to the north pole on the map.
Cartography maps connecting the world springerlink. The types of cartographic projections are all those classifications in which it can be included to the set of the cartographic projections. The universal grids and the transverse mercator and polar. Hello guys, today i was explaining somebody about the consequences of messing up the geographic coordinate systems and projection when you are working with gis data. Inve stigating map proje ctions national geographic society. This requires a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of locations from the surface of the globe into locations on a plane. See this list of further map design resources for links to additional articles, tutorials, textbooks, tools, and more. In effect, a projection is a systematic method of drawing the earths meridians and parallels on a flat surface.
Which of the following map projections is popular because it keeps all areas slightly distorted, creating a visually appealing map of the entire world. Advances in smallscale map projection research openedition. Map makers attempt to transfer the eartha round, spherical globeto flat paper. World map projections are typically intermediate projections that are neither conformal nor. All projections of a sphere on a plane necessarily distort the surface in some way and to some extent.
Coordinate systems and map projections 2nd edition. This field of study deals with the conception, production. Some projections have equalarea properties, while others provide for conformal delineations in which, for small areas, the shape is. Geological survey professional paper 1453, by john p. Google earth abandons many of the cherished icons of cartography such as projections, rendering them largely irrelevant, and in this sense can be seen as threatening to a disciplines cherished ex pertise. A compendium of map projections, with derivations by donald fenna, two other references concerning map projections book literature are also worth of notice, as the 2nd edition of the 2014 title map projections. With expert reading recommendations made by people with a passion for books and some unique features lovereading will help you find great. In europe, cartographers tend to enter into a mapping career through earth sciences which includes geography and geology, geophysics, land surveying, civil engineering and even graphic design.
To consider all conditions in the selection process it is a need to clarify map projections parameters precise value for all of them. Direction or azimuthal projections maintain some of the greatcircle arcs, giving the directions or azimuths of all points on the map correctly with respect to the centre. Resource library video the cartographers dilemma making a flat map of a round planet is a challenge all mapmakers have to deal with. Moreover, since the northern hemisphere contains the majority of the earths landmass and roughly 90% of its population, many maps project the earth from above meaning, looking from a northerly angle.
Pricing of each map is set by the publisher, and free maps remain free to users through the pdf maps inapp map store. The importance of the correct use of projections in gis. Purchase coordinate systems and map projections 2nd edition. A wellmade map is an instrument that frames a discussion of a place around the ideas that you feel are important.
Give students the worksheet comparing map projections to the globe and the handout map projections. Watch this video to learn why every map projection has some distortion. Inve stigating map proje ctions s t ud en t s us e o ra n g es t o in ves t ig a t e t h e ef f ec t s o f c h a n g in g a 3d s urf a c e t o a 2d s urf a c e. Projector, free software can render many projections nasa giss. Have students analyze the three projections and the globe to note the distortions found. Lecture 2 map projections and gis coordinate systems. After decades of using only one map projection, the polyconic, for its mapping. A paper map containing the boundaries of each petroleum province, the boundaries of each of the wilderness lands, and the numeric code for each wilderness area was produced for each state. Which kind of map uses contour lines to show elevation. The babylonians mapped the world in a flattened, diskshaped form, but claudius ptolemaeus established the basis for subsequent efforts in the 2nd century ce with his eightvolume work geographike. Maps and map reading are essential skills that all of the armed forces need. Pdf cartographic perspectives, map projection education. A map projection is used to portray all or part of the round earth on a flat surface.
Cartographic information systems by erik grafarend with twice the number of pages and costing about twice the price of donald fenna book. Cartography is made of two words carto means map or chart and graphy means to draw or to write. The cartographers dilemma national geographic society. It is perpendicular to the direction of gravity pull. Map projections, also known as geographic projections, are the systems by which the earth or a portion of the earth is represented, directly and neatly. Results in a map that is not continuous but cut off, the divisions often placed in the middle of the oceans. A great variety of map projections has been devised to provide for the various properties that may be desired in maps. The 7 types of cartographic projections life persona. Topographic maps are based on topographical surveys. We introduce the mapping from a left riemann manifold to a right one specified as conformal, equiaerial and equidistant, perspective and geodetic. The geoid is defined as the surface of the earths gravity field, which is approximately the same as mean sea level. Cartography is a science which deals with the study and drawing of maps. In cartography, a map projection is a way to flatten a globes surface into a plane in order to make a map. Tobler, michigan, usa with 3 figures and 6 tables abstract.